[] CONTENTS Part 1Consumer protection etc Air transport and airport services: regulations 1Air transport and airport services: rights and duties 2Consultation 3Matters to which Secretary of State must have regard Compensation for damage to wheelchairs etc 4Non-international flights: compensation for damage to wheelchairs etc Enforcement 5Direct enforcement of consumer protection legislation by CAA 6Consumer protection enactments Airport drop-off charges 7Review of airport drop-off charges Part 2Regulatory reform Airspace change 8Directions about implementation Air traffic and air navigation services 9Air traffic services licences 10Charges for air traffic and air navigation services Airport slots and schedules 11Allocation of slots and co-ordination and facilitation of schedules CAA rules 12CAA rules Offences 13Power to create offences Part 3General 14Power to make consequential provision 15Extent 16Commencement 17Short title Schedule 1Direct enforcement of consumer protection legislation by CAA Schedule 2Air traffic services licences []

A

bill

to

Make provision for the protection of purchasers and users of air transport and airport services; to make provision about airspace change, air traffic and air navigation services and airport slots and schedules; to confer power on the Civil Aviation Authority to make rules; to make provision about aviation offences; and for connected purposes.

Be it enacted by the King’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—

 Part 1 Consumer protection etc Air transport and airport services: regulations
1 Air transport and airport services: rights and duties (1)

The Secretary of State may by regulations make provision about—

 (a)

the rights of persons who purchase or use air transport services;

 (b)

the duties and liabilities of air transport service providers and persons who advertise or market those services in relation to—

 (i)

persons who purchase or use air transport services;

 (ii)

persons to whom those services are advertised or marketed;

 (c)

the rights of persons who purchase or use airport services and the duties and liabilities of airport operators and air transport service providers in relation to them.

 (2)

The regulations may, in particular, make provision—

 (a)

about the rights of persons who purchase or use air transport services, and the duties and liabilities of air transport service providers, or airport operators, in cases of refusal of boarding or carriage, delays or cancellation;

 (b)

about the liabilities of air transport service providers, or airport operators, in relation to the death or injury of passengers;

 (c)

about the liabilities of air transport service providers, or airport operators, in relation to damage to or loss of baggage or cargo;

 (d)

about the duties of air transport service providers, or airport operators, in relation to price transparency;

 (e)

in relation to disabled persons or persons with reduced mobility;

 (f)

requiring, or conferring on the CAA or CMA powers to require, air transport service providers or airport operators to provide information, documentation or other evidence (whether on a particular occasion or at specified times or intervals).

 (3)

The regulations may include provision as to enforcement, including in particular provision within subsection (2)(f) and provision—

 (a)

for the resolution of disputes, including provision requiring air transport service providers or airport operators to be members of complaint, dispute resolution or redress schemes specified in the regulations or by the CAA in accordance with the regulations;

 (b)

conferring on the CAA, the CMA or a constable powers to enter and inspect premises, including—

 (i)

powers of seizure and retention;

 (ii)

powers to require persons present on premises to answer questions, to provide information, documentation or other evidence or to provide facilities and assistance;

 (c)

for the giving of directions by the CAA to air transport service providers or airport operators in the case of a breach by a person of any requirement imposed by the regulations, including—

 (i)

directions as to compensation to be paid or redress to be made in respect of a breach;

 (ii)

directions to end the breach or prevent any future breach of a requirement by that person;

 (d)

for the giving of directions by the CAA to air transport service providers or airport operators for the purposes of securing or monitoring compliance with requirements imposed by the regulations;

 (e)

for criminal offences punishable on summary conviction by a fine;

 (f)

for the imposition by the CAA of financial penalties in respect of a breach of any requirement imposed by the regulations, where the breach is not a criminal offence.

 (4)

The regulations may—

 (a)

make consequential, supplementary, incidental, transitional or saving provision;

 (b)

make different provision for different cases.

 (5)

The regulations are to be made by statutory instrument.

 (6)

A statutory instrument containing (whether alone or with other provision) regulations under this section that include provision of the kind mentioned in subsection (3)(e) or (f) may not be made unless a draft of the instrument has been laid before and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.

 (7)

Any other statutory instrument containing regulations under this section is subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.

 (8)

In this section and sections 2 and 3—

air transport service has the same meaning as in the Civil Aviation Act 1982 (see section 105(1) of that Act);

air transport service provider means a person who provides an air transport service;

airport and airport operator have the same meaning as in the Airports Act 1986 (see section 82(1) of that Act);

airport services means services provided at an airport for the purposes of—

 (a)

the arrival or departure of passengers and their baggage;

 (b)

the arrival or departure of cargo;

 (c)

the processing of passengers, baggage or cargo between their arrival and departure,

including facilities for car parking;

the CAA means the Civil Aviation Authority;

cargo includes mail;

the CMA means the Competition and Markets Authority;

disabled persons means persons with a disability within the meaning given by section 6 of the Equality Act 2010;

purchase in relation to persons purchasing air transport services or airport services includes persons purchasing such services on behalf of others;

requirement includes prohibition.

 (9)

In Schedule 7 to the Regulatory Enforcement and Sanctions Act 2008 (enactments specified for the purposes of section 62 of that Act), at the appropriate place, insert—

Civil Aviation (Consumer Protection and Regulatory Reform) Act 2026, section 1

.
2 Consultation (1)

The Secretary of State must, before the end of the period of 12 months beginning with the day on which this Act is passed, begin the process of consultation under subsection (3) (but the Secretary of State need not complete the process within that period).

 (2)

After completing the process the Secretary of State must publish the Secretary of State’s response to the consultation.

 (3)

Consultation under this subsection is consultation with the persons mentioned in subsection (4) about the provision that should be made by regulations under section 1 concerning—

 (a)

the compensation that should be paid for breaches of requirements to provide assistance to disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility;

 (b)

the measures that should be put in place to protect persons with allergies when using air transport services;

 (c)

the procedures that should be put in place by air transport service providers and airport operators for dealing with complaints;

 (d)

the provision by air transport service providers and airport operators of wheelchairs suitable for use in aircraft;

 (e)

any other matters that appear to the Secretary of State to be of particular importance.

 (4)

The persons mentioned in this subsection are—

 (a)

air transport service providers,

 (b)

airport operators,

 (c)

such disabled persons, persons with reduced mobility and persons with allergies who are users or prospective users of air transport services, or such organisations appearing to the Secretary of State to represent such persons, as the Secretary of State considers appropriate, and

 (d)

such other persons as the Secretary of State considers appropriate.
3 Matters to which Secretary of State must have regard (1)

When considering whether and how to exercise the power to make regulations under section 1, the Secretary of State must have due regard to—

 (a)

the desirability of strengthening the rights of persons who purchase or use air transport services, in particular where the persons whose rights would be affected are or include disabled persons or persons with reduced mobility, and

 (b)

the principles set out in subsection (2).

 (2)

The principles are—

 (a)

that all persons travelling by means of air transport services should be treated with dignity and that their individual physical and mental health needs should be respected;

 (b)

that disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility should be afforded access to air transport services that is equal or comparable to that afforded to other persons;

 (c)

that where assistance is required by disabled persons or persons with reduced mobility the assistance provided should meet their needs;

 (d)

that independent journeys by disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility should be facilitated wherever possible.
Compensation for damage to wheelchairs etc
4 Non-international flights: compensation for damage to wheelchairs etc (1)

Council Regulation (EC) No 2027/97 of 9 October 1997 on air carrier liability in respect of the carriage of passengers and their baggage by air is amended in accordance with subsections (2) and (3).

 (2)

In Article 3, after paragraph 1 insert— 1A

Article 22 of the Montreal Convention applies in relation to carriage by air performed by a UK air carrier within the United Kingdom as if—

(a)

at the beginning of paragraph 2 there were inserted “Subject to paragraph 2A of this Article”, and

 (b)

after paragraph 2 there were inserted— 2A

In the carriage of wheelchairs or other mobility equipment or assistive devices, the liability of the carrier in the case of destruction, loss or damage is unlimited.

(3)

In the Annex, in the entry relating to destruction, loss or damage to baggage, after “at fault” insert—

In the case of carriage within the United Kingdom of wheelchairs or other mobility equipment or assistive devices, the liability of the air carrier for destruction, loss or damage is unlimited.

(4)

Schedule 1 to The Carriage by Air Acts (Application of Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004/1899) (application of the Montreal Convention: non-international carriage) is amended in accordance with subsections (5) and (6).

 (5)

In Part 1, ​after paragraph (4), insert— (4A)

In Article 22.2, at the beginning, there shall be inserted “Subject to paragraph 2A of this Article,”.

 (4B)

After Article 22.2, there shall be inserted— 2A

In the carriage of wheelchairs or other mobility equipment or assistive devices, the liability of the carrier in the case of destruction, loss or damage is unlimited.

(6)

In Part 2, under the heading “Article 22—Limits of Liability in Relation to Delay, Baggage and Cargo”—

 (a)

at the beginning of paragraph 2 insert “Subject to paragraph 2A of this Article”;

 (b)

after paragraph 2 insert— 2A

In the carriage of wheelchairs or other mobility equipment or assistive devices, the liability of the carrier in the case of destruction, loss or damage is unlimited.

Enforcement
5 Direct enforcement of consumer protection legislation by CAA (1)

Schedule 1 amends Part 3 of the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 (enforcement of consumer protection law) and Schedule 5 to the Consumer Rights Act 2015 (investigatory powers etc) so as—

 (a)

to confer further powers to enforce consumer protection legislation on the Civil Aviation Authority, and

 (b)

to make connected provision.

 (2)

In section 21 of the Civil Aviation Act 1982 (CAA’s annual report), in subsection (2), after paragraph (b) insert— (ba)

must include a summary of what the CAA has done during that year in the performance of its functions under—

(i)

Part 3 of the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 (enforcement of consumer protection law), and

 (ii)

Schedule 5 to the Consumer Rights Act 2015 (investigatory powers etc);

 .
6 Consumer protection enactments

In Part 1 of Schedule 15 to the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 (consumer protection enactments), in the list of assimilated direct legislation, at the appropriate place, insert—

Regulation (EC) No 2111/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2005 on the establishment of a list of air carriers subject to an operating ban within the United Kingdom and on informing air transport passengers of the identity of the operating air carrier

 (1)

All public designated enforcers.

 (2)

All private designated enforcers.

Airport drop-off charges
7 Review of airport drop-off charges (1)

The Secretary of State must, within six months of the day on which this Act is passed, conduct and publish a review of the impact of airport drop-off charges on users of airport services in the United Kingdom.

 (2)

The Secretary of State must lay a copy of the review before both Houses of Parliament.

 (3)

In this section, “drop-off charge” means any charge levied by an airport operator on a vehicle entering a terminal forecourt or designated kerbside area for the purpose of setting down one or more passengers.
Part 2 Regulatory reform Airspace change
8 Directions about implementation (1)

The Air Traffic Management and Unmanned Aircraft Act 2021 is amended as follows.

 (2)

In section 2 (direction to progress airspace change)—

 (a)

in subsection (1)—

 (i)

after paragraph (c) insert— (ca)

implement, or take steps to implement, an airspace change proposal that has been approved;

 ;

 (ii)

after paragraph (d) insert— (e)

implement, or take steps to implement, the findings of such a review or a review of airspace design.

 ;

(b)

in the heading omit proposal.

 (3)

In section 3 (direction to co-operate in airspace change)—

 (a)

in subsection (1)—

 (i)

after paragraph (c) insert— (ca)

implement, or take steps to implement, an airspace change proposal that has been approved;

 ;

 (ii)

after paragraph (d) insert— (e)

implement, or take steps to implement, the findings of such a review or a review of airspace design.

 ;

(b)

in the heading omit proposal.

 (4)

In section 8(1) (interpretation of Part 1), at the appropriate place, insert—

airspace design means the structures of airspace and the routes and flight procedures within it;

 .

 (5)

In the heading of Part 1 omit proposals.
Air traffic and air navigation services
9 Air traffic services licences (1)

The Transport Act 2000 is amended in accordance with subsections (2) and (3).

 (2)

In section 11A (licence modification procedure)—

 (a)

in subsection (2), after paragraph (c) insert— (ca)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b), or any bodies representing them, that the modifying authority considers appropriate;

 (cb)

any persons identified, or of a description identified, under subsection (3)(da) (or, where this subsection applies by virtue of subsection (5)(b), subsection (7)(da)) of this section, or any bodies representing them, that the modifying authority considers appropriate;

 ;

(b)

in subsection (3), after paragraph (d) insert— (da)

identify any persons (or descriptions of persons) proposed to be specified under section 73(1)(b) as a result of the modification;

 ;

(c)

in subsection (7), after paragraph (d) insert— (da)

identify any persons (or descriptions of persons) to be specified under section 73(1)(b) as a result of the modification;

 .

 (3)

In section 11B(3) (restrictions on power to modify licence conditions), after paragraph (c) insert— (ca)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b), or any bodies representing them, that the CAA considers appropriate;

 (cb)

any persons identified, or of a description identified, under section 11A(3)(da), or any bodies representing them, that the CAA considers appropriate;

 .

 (4)

Schedule 2 makes further provision in connection with air traffic services licences.
10 Charges for air traffic and air navigation services (1)

The Transport Act 2000 is amended as follows.

 (2)

In section 73(1) (charges for services), for paragraph (b) substitute— (b)

the persons (or descriptions of persons) who are to pay the charges,

 .

 (3)

In section 75 (specification of charges under section 73(1))—

 (a)

in subsection (2)—

 (i)

after paragraph (b) insert— (ba)

different amounts or methods in respect of different classes or descriptions of persons liable to pay the charge;

 ;

 (ii)

in paragraph (c) omit in which aircraft are used;

 (b)

omit subsection (6);

 (c)

for subsection (7) substitute— (7)

Persons may be specified (or of a description specified) if the services concerned are available for their use or benefit, and it is immaterial whether or not the services are actually used or could be used by them.

(4)

In section 76(1) (liability to pay charges under section 73(1))—

 (a)

in paragraph (a), for the aircraft concerned substitute an aircraft;

 (b)

in paragraph (b) for it substitute the aircraft;

 (c)

after paragraph (b) insert— (ba)

the person liable—

(i)

if an individual, is in the United Kingdom;

 (ii)

if a body corporate or unincorporated association, is formed or recognised under the law of any part of the United Kingdom;

 ;

(d)

in paragraph (c), after provided insert or received in or.

 (5)

In section 81 (records relating to charges under section 73(1))—

 (a)

in subsection (2)—

 (i)

for operators or owners of aircraft or managers of aerodromes substitute persons specified;

 (ii)

in paragraph (a), omit of the movements of aircraft, and of other particulars relating to aircraft,;

 (b)

in subsection (3), omit by the operators, owners or managers;

 (c)

in subsection (5)—

 (i)

for the operator or owner of an aircraft substitute a person;

 (ii)

in paragraph (a) for it substitute an aircraft;

 (iii)

in paragraph (b) for it substitute the aircraft;

 (iv)

after paragraph (b) insert— (ba)

the person concerned—

(i)

if an individual, is in the United Kingdom;

 (ii)

if a body corporate or unincorporated association, is formed or recognised under the law of any part of the United Kingdom;

 ;

 (v)

in paragraph (c), after provided insert or received in or.
Airport slots and schedules
11 Allocation of slots and co-ordination and facilitation of schedules (1)

The Airports Act 1986 is amended in accordance with subsections (2) and (3).

 (2)

After section 34 insert—

34A Allocation of slots and co-ordination and facilitation of schedules (1)

The Secretary of State may by regulations make provision about—

 (a)

the allocation to air carriers of slots at airports, and

 (b)

the co-ordination and facilitation of schedules for movements at airports.

 (2)

The regulations may, in particular, make provision—

 (a)

for the designation of airports for the purposes of the regulations;

 (b)

for the allocation of slots to new entrants (and for defining, whether by applying or amending an existing definition or otherwise, “new entrant”);

 (c)

as to the circumstances in which, the terms on which and the procedure by which, slots may be transferred, exchanged or withdrawn;

 (d)

as to the regularity with which slots must be used in order to avoid them being withdrawn;

 (e)

as to what is to happen to slots that have been withdrawn;

 (f)

for the temporary disapplication or modification of any requirement as to regularity of use of slots in the event of a significant threat to public health or for any other substantial reason;

 (g)

for appropriate measures, including suspending or withdrawing slots at airports in the United Kingdom, to be taken in response to discriminatory behaviour relating to the allocation and use of slots at airports outside the United Kingdom;

 (h)

restating, or replacing with such alternative provision as the Secretary of State considers appropriate—

 (i)

Council Regulation (EEC) No 95/93 of 18 January 1993 on common rules for the allocation of slots at United Kingdom airports;

 (ii)

the Airports Slot Allocation Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2665) (and, in the case of a restatement, may include a restatement of any offences created by the regulations).

 (3)

The regulations may—

 (a)

include provision as to enforcement, including by means of civil sanctions (including penalties) or civil proceedings;

 (b)

include provision for appeals against, or reviews of, decisions;

 (c)

confer functions (including discretions) and provide for the appointment or approval of persons to exercise them;

 (d)

require such persons to exercise the functions independently of airport operators, air carriers and the Secretary of State;

 (e)

provide for fees to be charged for the exercise of functions;

 (f)

impose duties on airport operators, air carriers and other persons;

 (g)

provide for the giving of directions or guidance.

 (4)

The regulations may make different provision for different purposes.

 (5)

In this section “slot”, in relation to an airport, means permission to use the airport in order to operate an air transport service landing at, or taking off from, the airport on a specific date and at a specific time.

(3)

In section 79 (orders and regulations)—

 (a)

in subsection (2), after “subsection” insert “(3A) or”;

 (b)

after subsection (3) insert— (3A)

A statutory instrument that contains (whether alone or with other provision) regulations under section 34A, other than excluded regulations, may not be made unless a draft of the instrument has been laid before, and approved by a resolution of, each House of Parliament.

 (3B)

Regulations are excluded regulations if the Secretary of State considers that their only substantive effect is temporarily to disapply or modify a requirement as to regularity of use of slots (as defined by section 34A).

 ;

(c)

in subsection (4), for “that section” substitute “section 32, or of regulations under section 34A,”;

 (d)

in subsection (5), after “section 28” insert “or 34A”.

 (4)

In Council Regulation (EEC) No 95/93 of 18 January 1993 on common rules for the allocation of slots at United Kingdom airports—

 (a)

omit Articles 10a, 10aa and 12a;

 (b)

in Article 13—

 (i)

omit paragraph 1a;

 (ii)

in paragraph 2, for “Any other regulations” substitute “Regulations”.

 (5)

In regulation 20(1) of the Airports Slot Allocation Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2665) (offences)—

 (a)

omit “and” at the end of sub-paragraph (a);

 (b)

omit sub-paragraph (b).

 (6)

Subsection (5) does not affect the penalty for any offence committed before the day on which this section comes into force.

 (7)

In the Air Traffic Management and Unmanned Aircraft Act 2021, omit section 12 (airport slot allocation).
CAA rules
12 CAA rules (1)

The Civil Aviation Act 1982 is amended as follows.

 (2)

After section 61 insert— CAA rules

61A CAA rules (1)

The CAA may by rules (to be known as “CAA rules”) make any provision within subsection (2) that is not excluded by subsection (6) or by regulations under subsection (7).

 (2)

The provision within this subsection is provision—

 (a)

that may be made by or under an Air Navigation Order otherwise than—

 (i)

under section 61 (provision to secure compliance), or

 (ii)

under or by virtue of section 108 (extension outside United Kingdom), or

 (b)

that on the commencement date was contained in or made under, or could have been made under, the assimilated direct legislation listed in subsection (3).

 (3)

The assimilated direct legislation is—

 (a)

Regulation (EC) No 549/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2004 laying down the framework for the creation of the single European sky (the framework Regulation);

 (b)

Regulation (EC) No 550/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2004 on the provision of air navigation services in the single European sky (the service provision Regulation);

 (c)

Regulation (EC) No 551/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2004 on the organisation and use of the airspace in the single European sky (the airspace Regulation);

 (d)

Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2018 on common rules in the field of civil aviation and establishing a European Union Aviation Safety Agency, and amending Regulations (EC) No 2111/2005, (EC) No 1008/2008, (EU) No 996/2010, (EU) No 376/2014 and Directives 2014/30/EU and 2014/53/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, and repealing Regulations (EC) No 552/2004 and (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council Regulation (EEC) No 3922/91.

 (4)

The power to make CAA rules by virtue of subsections (2)(b) and (3) includes power to make any provision that may be made in an Air Navigation Order by virtue of paragraph 2, 4, 6 or 7 of Part 3 of Schedule 13.

 (5)

The power to make CAA rules may be exercised to make the full provision to which the power extends or any less provision (whether by way of exception or otherwise).

 (6)

The power to make CAA rules may not be exercised so as to confer any power to legislate by means of orders, rules, regulations or other subordinate instrument.

 (7)

The Secretary of State may by regulations specify—

 (a)

provision that may not be made by CAA rules;

 (b)

matters or purposes in relation to which provision may not be made by CAA rules.

 (8)

In this section “the commencement date” means the date on which section 12 of the Civil Aviation (Consumer Protection and Regulatory Reform) Act 2026 comes into force.
61B Standard procedure (1)

The CAA must not make CAA rules unless it has consulted the following about the proposed rules—

 (a)

the Secretary of State, and

 (b)

such other persons as the CAA thinks appropriate.

 (2)

If, after carrying out the consultation required by subsection (1), the CAA wishes to proceed with the proposed rules it must publish on its website notice of its intention to make the proposed rules.

 (3)

This section does not apply in relation to CAA rules if section 61C (fast track procedure) applies in relation to them.
61C Fast track procedure (1)

This section applies in relation to CAA rules if—

 (a)

the Secretary of State and the CAA agree that it is impractical to consult as required by section 61B(1) in relation to the proposed rules because of the need to respond urgently to a serious threat to or deficiency in aviation safety,

 (b)

the CAA thinks that the provision to be made in the proposed rules is sufficiently minor that it is unnecessary to comply with that requirement, or

 (c)

the proposed rules are a restatement of existing provision.

 (2)

Where this section applies in relation to CAA rules, the CAA must not make the rules unless it has published on its website notice of its intention to make the rules.

 (3)

For the purposes of subsection (1)(c) a restatement—

 (a)

may use words or concepts that are different from those used in the existing provision;

 (b)

may make any change which the CAA considers appropriate for one or more of the following purposes—

 (i)

resolving ambiguities;

 (ii)

removing doubts or anomalies;

 (iii)

facilitating improvements in the clarity or accessibility of the law (including by omitting anything which is legally unnecessary).

 (4)

In this section “existing provision” means provision—

 (a)

made by or under an Air Navigation Order,

 (b)

contained in or made under the assimilated direct legislation listed in section 61A(3), or

(c)

made in CAA rules.
61D Making and publishing CAA rules (1)

CAA rules are to be made by an instrument in writing (“a rule-making instrument”).

 (2)

A rule-making instrument must—

 (a)

state that the rules it contains are made under section 61A, and

 (b)

identify the procedure followed under section 61B or 61C before the rules were made.

 (3)

A rule-making instrument must be published by the CAA in the way appearing to the CAA to be best calculated to bring it to the attention of the public.

 (4)

The CAA may charge a reasonable fee for providing a person with a paper copy of a rule-making instrument.

 (5)

A person is not to be taken to have contravened a CAA rule if the person shows that at the time of the alleged contravention the rule-making instrument concerned had not been made available in accordance with this section.
61E Coming into force of CAA rules (1)

CAA rules may not come into force before the end of the period of 21 days beginning with the day on which the rule-making instrument containing the rules is published under section 61D(3).

 (2)

Subsection (1) does not apply to CAA rules in relation to which section 61C (fast track procedure) applies because of subsection (1)(a) of that section.
61F Considerations for exercise of power under section 61A(7) (1)

When considering whether and how to exercise the power to make regulations under section 61A(7) the Secretary of State must, in particular, consider whether the Secretary of State should retain responsibility for the following—

 (a)

anything that would significantly affect the public interest, including in particular the public interest in protecting national security, promoting economic growth, protecting the environment and ensuring the efficient operation of the civil air transport industry of the United Kingdom;

 (b)

anything that would involve matters of public policy, or legal issues, of general importance;

 (c)

anything that would involve the imposition of requirements on the CAA in relation to the exercise of its functions;

 (d)

anything that would involve the imposition of significant and unexpected financial burdens on any person;

 (e)

anything that would directly affect the interests of passengers using air transport services, in particular where the passengers whose interests would be affected are or include disabled persons or persons with reduced mobility;

 (f)

anything that would involve changes to other legislation that cannot be made by regulations under section 61K.

 (2)

In this section “disabled persons” means persons with a disability within the meaning given by section 6 of the Equality Act 2010.
61G Priorities and objectives etc of Secretary of State (1)

The Secretary of State must issue a document that—

 (a)

sets out the Secretary of State’s priorities and objectives for the exercise of the CAA’s rule-making functions, and

 (b)

deals with matters relating to the exercise of the functions.

 (2)

The document may, in particular—

 (a)

specify particular matters in relation to which the Secretary of State wishes CAA rules to be made,

 (b)

contain guidance about how consultation under section 61B(1)(b) is to be carried out,

 (c)

contain guidance about how the CAA should interpret and apply the environmental principles when exercising its rule-making functions,

 (d)

set out a proposed timetable for the making and coming into force of CAA rules,

 (e)

contain guidance about the publication of CAA rules, and

 (f)

deal with how the Secretary of State and the CAA will work together to facilitate the exercise of the CAA’s rule-making functions.

 (3)

The CAA must have regard to the document when exercising its rule-making functions.

 (4)

The Secretary of State must have regard to the document when exercising any functions in relation to CAA rules.

 (5)

The Secretary of State—

 (a)

must keep the document under review, and

 (b)

may issue a revised document.

 (6)

The Secretary of State—

 (a)

must consult the CAA in preparing or revising the document, and

 (b)

may not issue the document without the agreement of the CAA to the contents of the document.

 (7)

The Secretary of State must—

 (a)

publish the document, and

 (b)

lay a copy before Parliament.

 (8)

In this section “environmental principles” has the same meaning as in Part 1 of the Environment Act 2021 (see section 17(5) of that Act).
61H Directions about CAA rules (1)

The Secretary of State may give directions to the CAA as to its exercise of its rule-making functions.

 (2)

The directions may, in particular, require that the rule-making functions—

 (a)

are, or are not, exercised in relation to particular matters;

 (b)

are exercised at or by a particular time in relation to particular matters;

 (c)

are exercised only after consulting or with the agreement of the Secretary of State.

 (3)

But the directions may not require CAA rules to be made in a specified form or with a specified content.

 (4)

The Secretary of State may vary or revoke the directions.

 (5)

The Secretary of State must lay before Parliament and publish—

 (a)

the directions, and

 (b)

any variation or revocation of them.
61I Up-to-date consolidated versions of CAA rules (1)

The CAA may prepare and publish up-to-date consolidated versions of the whole, or any part of, the text of CAA rules.

 (2)

Text published under this section is to be treated as accurate unless it is shown not to be.

 (3)

The CAA may charge a reasonable fee for providing a person with a paper copy of text published under this section.
61J Annual report on exercise of rule-making functions (1)

As soon as practicable after the end of each accounting year, the CAA must prepare an annual report on how it has exercised its rule-making functions during the financial year to which the report relates.

 (2)

The CAA must send a copy of the report to the Secretary of State.

 (3)

The Secretary of State must lay a copy of the report before Parliament.

 (4)

The CAA must publish the report once it has been laid before Parliament.
61K Power to make facilitative and consequential provision (1)

The Secretary of State may by regulations make any provision the Secretary of State considers necessary—

 (a)

to facilitate the making of CAA rules, or

 (b)

in consequence of CAA rules.

 (2)

Regulations under this section may amend or repeal provision contained in an Act passed—

 (a)

before the Civil Aviation (Consumer Protection and Regulatory Reform) Act 2026, or

 (b)

later in the same session of Parliament as that Act,

(as well as provision made under such an Act).

(3)

In section 11(7) (charges), after “Order” insert “, or by CAA rules,”.

 (4)

In section 23(1) (disclosure of information), after “Order” insert “or CAA rules”.

 (5)

In section 76(1) (liability of aircraft), after “Order” insert “or CAA rules”.

 (6)

In section 102(3A) (affirmative resolution procedure for regulations), after “the regulations” insert “(whether alone or with other provision)”.

 (7)

In section 105(1) (interpretation), at the appropriate place insert—

rule-making functions, in relation to the CAA, means the CAA’s functions under sections 61A to 61D;

 .

 (8)

In Schedule 1 (constitution etc of CAA), in paragraph 15—

 (a)

in sub-paragraph (1), after “so far as” insert “sub-paragraph (1A) or”, and

 (b)

after that sub-paragraph insert— (1A)

The power in sub-paragraph (1) may not be exercised to authorise persons other than members or employees of the CAA to exercise the CAA’s rule-making functions.

(9)

In Schedule 13 (subordinate instruments), in Part 2, at the appropriate place insert—

Section 61A(7)

Regulations specifying provision, and matters in relation to which provision, may not be made by CAA rules

Subject to the affirmative resolution procedure.

Paragraphs 1 and 2 of Part 3 apply.

Section 61K(1)

Regulations making facilitative and consequential provision in relation to CAA rules

Subject to the affirmative resolution procedure where the regulations amend provision contained in an Act; and subject to the negative resolution procedure in any other case.

Paragraphs 1 and 2 of Part 3 apply; and where the regulations amend or revoke an Air Navigation Order, paragraphs 3, 4, 6 and 7 apply as they apply in relation to the power to make the Order.

Offences
13 Power to create offences (1)

Section 61 of the Civil Aviation Act 1982 (air navigation orders: supplementary) is amended in accordance with subsections (2) and (3).

 (2)

In subsection (1), after “its provisions,” insert “or with any other provisions relating to civil aviation made by or under an enactment,”.

 (3)

In subsection (2A), for “or a person in an aircraft” substitute “, a person in an aircraft, any other person or any property”.

 (4)

Any provision contained in an Air Navigation Order which is provision that—

 (a)

was made under section 2(2) of the European Communities Act 1972 or section 12 or 14 of the Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023, and

 (b)

could, after the coming into force of this section, be made in an Air Navigation Order by virtue of section 61 of that Act as amended by this section,

is to be treated for the purposes of section 14 of the Interpretation Act 1978 as having been made as specified in paragraph (b).

 (5)

In subsection (4) “Air Navigation Order” means an Air Navigation Order under section 60 of the Civil Aviation Act 1982.
Part 3 General
14 Power to make consequential provision (1)

The Secretary of State may by regulations make provision that is consequential on this Act.

 (2)

Regulations under this section may amend or repeal provision contained in an Act passed—

 (a)

before this Act, or

 (b)

later in the same session of Parliament as this Act,

(as well as provision made under such an Act).

 (3)

The power to make regulations under this section includes power to make—

 (a)

consequential, supplementary, incidental, transitional or saving provision;

 (b)

different provision for different purposes.

 (4)

Regulations under this section are to be made by statutory instrument.

 (5)

A statutory instrument containing (whether alone or with other provision) regulations under this section that amend or repeal provision contained in an Act may not be made unless a draft of the instrument has been laid before and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.

 (6)

Any other statutory instrument containing regulations under this section is subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
15 Extent (1)

This Act extends to England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, subject to subsection (2).

 (2)

In section 11, subsections (4)(b) and (7) do not extend to Northern Ireland.
16 Commencement (1)

Sections 1 to 3 and 13 and this Part come into force on the day on which this Act is passed.

 (2)

Sections 4 and 6 to 11 and Schedule 2 come into force at the end of the period of two months beginning with the day on which this Act is passed.

 (3)

The remaining provisions of this Act come into force on such day as the Secretary of State may by regulations appoint.

 (4)

Different days may be appointed for different purposes.

 (5)

The Secretary of State may by regulations make transitional or saving provision in connection with the coming into force of any provision of this Act.

 (6)

The power to make regulations under subsection (5) includes power to make different provision for different purposes.

 (7)

Regulations under this section are to be made by statutory instrument.
17 Short title

This Act may be cited as the Civil Aviation (Consumer Protection and Regulatory Reform) Act 2026.
Schedules Schedule 1

Section 5

 Direct enforcement of consumer protection legislation by CAA Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 1

Part 3 of the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 (enforcement of consumer protection law) is amended as follows.

 2

In section 147(4) (overview)—

 (a)

for on the CMA substitute on direct enforcement authorities;

 (b)

omit of the CMA.

 3

In section 150 (specified prohibition condition), for subsection (2) substitute— (2)

A commercial practice meets the specified prohibition condition for the purposes of section 148 as it applies for the purposes of Chapter 4 if one or both of the following paragraphs applies—

(a)

the practice is in breach of an enactment listed in Schedule 16 (to the extent specified);

 (b)

the practice—

 (i)

relates to the promotion or supply of air transport services, airport services or digital content relating to air transport services or airport services, and

 (ii)

is in breach of an enactment listed in Schedule 16A (to the extent specified).

 (2A)

In subsection (2)(b)—

air transport service has the same meaning as in the Civil Aviation Act 1982 (see section 105(1) of that Act);

airport service means a service provided at an airport in the United Kingdom for the purposes of—

 (a)

the arrival or departure of passengers and their baggage,

 (b)

the arrival or departure of cargo, and

 (c)

the processing of passengers, baggage or cargo between their arrival and departure,

including facilities for car parking.

4

In section 154 (CMA directions to other enforcers), in subsection (4)(b), for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority.

 5

In the heading to Chapter 4 omit of CMA.

 6

After that heading insert— Direct enforcement authorities

179A Meaning of “direct enforcement authority” (1)

In this Part “direct enforcement authority” means—

 (a)

in the case of a commercial practice that meets the specified prohibition condition because paragraph (a) of section 150(2) applies, the CMA;

 (b)

in the case of a commercial practice that meets the specified prohibition condition because paragraph (b) of section 150(2) applies, the Civil Aviation Authority.

 (2)

The Secretary of State may by regulations make provision for the purpose of co-ordinating the performance of direct enforcement functions which are exercisable concurrently by more than one direct enforcement authority.

 (3)

The regulations may, in particular, make provision—

 (a)

for information sharing to enable direct enforcement authorities to comply with their obligations in the performance of their direct enforcement functions;

 (b)

as to the procedure to be followed in respect of the notification requirements under sections 198A and 198B;

 (c)

as to steps which must be taken before a direct enforcement authority exercises, in a particular case, its direct enforcement functions;

 (d)

as to the procedure for determining, in a particular case, which direct enforcement authority is to exercise direct enforcement functions in respect of the case;

 (e)

for direct enforcement functions in a particular case to be exercised jointly by two or more direct enforcement authorities, and as to the procedure to be followed in such cases;

 (f)

for cases in respect of which direct enforcement functions are being, or have been, exercised by a direct enforcement authority to be transferred to another such authority;

 (g)

as to the circumstances in which the exercise by a direct enforcement authority of direct enforcement functions is to preclude the exercise of such functions by another such authority.

 (4)

The Secretary of State may by regulations make provision requiring arrangements to be made for the sharing of information between direct enforcement authorities in connection with concurrent cases.

 (5)

For the purposes of subsection (4), “a concurrent case” is a case in respect of which—

 (a)

the CMA considers that direct enforcement functions are, or (but for provision made under subsection (3)(f)) would be, exercisable by two or more direct enforcement authorities, or

 (b)

two or more direct enforcement authorities consider that direct enforcement functions are, or (but for provision made under subsection (3)(f)) would be, exercisable by each of them.

 (6)

Regulations under subsection (2) or (4) are subject to the negative procedure.

7

In section 180 (power to investigate suspected infringements)—

 (a)

in subsections (1) and (3), for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in subsections (2) and (4) and the heading, for CMA, in each place it occurs, substitute direct enforcement authority.

 8

In section 181 (provisional infringement notice)—

 (a)

in subsection (1)(a), for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in subsections (2) and (3), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority;

 (c)

in subsection (4)—

 (i)

in paragraph (a), for CMA’s substitute direct enforcement authority’s;

 (ii)

in paragraph (c), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority;

 (d)

in subsection (8), for CMA, in each place it occurs, substitute direct enforcement authority.

 9

In section 182 (final infringement notice)—

 (a)

in subsection (1)—

 (i)

in paragraph (a), for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (ii)

in paragraphs (b) and (c), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in subsections (2), (3), (4)(a), (5), (7)(b) and (9), for CMA, in each place it occurs, substitute direct enforcement authority.

 10

In section 183 (final infringement notice: directions to take enhanced consumer measures), in subsections (1), (2) and (4), for CMA, in each place it occurs, substitute direct enforcement authority.

 11

In section 184 (online interface notices)—

 (a)

in subsection (1), for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in subsections (2), (4), (5), (7) and (8), for CMA, in each place it occurs, substitute direct enforcement authority.

 12

In section 185 (undertakings)—

 (a)

in subsection (1), for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in subsections (2), (4)(a) and (5), for CMA, in each place it occurs, substitute direct enforcement authority;

 (c)

in subsection (6)—

 (i)

for the CMA, in the first place it occurs, substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (ii)

for CMA, in the second place it occurs, substitute direct enforcement authority.

 13

In section 186 (effect of undertakings under section 185)—

 (a)

in subsection (1), for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in subsection (2), for The CMA substitute A direct enforcement authority;

 (c)

in subsection (3)—

 (i)

for the CMA, in the first place it occurs, substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (ii)

in paragraphs (b), (c) and (d), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority;

 (iii)

in paragraph (d), for it to accept the undertaking substitute to the undertaking being accepted;

 (d)

in subsection (4), for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority.

 14

In section 187 (undertakings under section 185: procedural requirements)—

 (a)

in subsection (1) for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in subsections (2), (3), (4) and (5), for CMA, in each place it occurs, substitute direct enforcement authority.

 15

In section 188 (provisional breach of undertakings enforcement notice)—

 (a)

in subsection (1)—

 (i)

in paragraph (a), for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (ii)

in paragraph (b), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in subsections (2), (3) and (6), for CMA, in each place it occurs, substitute direct enforcement authority.

 16

In section 189 (final breach of undertakings enforcement notice)—

 (a)

in subsection (1)—

 (i)

in paragraph (a), for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (ii)

in paragraphs (b) and (c), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in subsections (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6), for CMA, in each place it occurs, substitute direct enforcement authority.

 17

In section 190(4)(b) (monetary penalties under section 189: amount), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority which gave the final breach of undertakings enforcement notice.

 18

In section 191 (provisional breach of directions enforcement notice)—

 (a)

in subsection (1)—

 (i)

in paragraph (a), after respondent”) insert by a direct enforcement authority;

 (ii)

in paragraph (b), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in subsections (2), (3) and (5), for CMA, in each place it occurs, substitute direct enforcement authority.

 19

In section 192 (final breach of directions enforcement notice)—

 (a)

in subsection (1)—

 (i)

in paragraph (a), for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (ii)

in paragraphs (b) and (c), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in subsections (2), (4), (5) and (7), for CMA, in each place it occurs, substitute direct enforcement authority.

 20

In section 193(4)(b) (monetary penalties under section 192: amount), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority which gave the final breach of directions enforcement notice.

 21

In section 194 (powers of court to enforce directions)—

 (a)

in subsection (1)—

 (i)

for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (ii)

in paragraph (a), after direction insert given by the direct enforcement authority;

 (iii)

in paragraph (b), after notice insert given by the direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in subsection (2), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority.

 22

In section 195 (substantiation of claims)—

 (a)

in subsection (1)—

 (i)

in paragraph (a), for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (ii)

in paragraph (b), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in subsections (2) and (3), for CMA, in each place it occurs, substitute direct enforcement authority.

 23

In section 196 (variation or revocation of directions)—

 (a)

in subsection (1)—

 (i)

for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (ii)

in paragraph (a), after “respondent”)” insert “by the direct enforcement authority”;

 (b)

in subsection (2), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority;

 (c)

in subsection (3)(a), for “CMA” substitute “the direct enforcement authority”;

 (d)

in subsections (4) and (5), for CMA, in each place it occurs, substitute direct enforcement authority.

 24

In section 197 (provisional false information enforcement notice)—

 (a)

in subsection (1)—

 (i)

in paragraph (a) for the CMA, in the first place it occurs, substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (ii)

in that paragraph, for “CMA”, in the second place it occurs, substitute “direct enforcement authority”;

 (iii)

in paragraph (b), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in subsections (2) and (3), for CMA, in each place it occurs, substitute direct enforcement authority;

 (c)

in subsection (5), for the CMA, in both places it occurs, substitute a direct enforcement authority.

 25

In section 198 (final false information enforcement notice)—

 (a)

in subsection (1)—

 (i)

in paragraph (a), for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (ii)

in paragraphs (b) and (c), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in subsections (2), (5) and (6) for CMA, in each place it occurs, substitute direct enforcement authority.

 26

After section 198 insert— Notification requirements

198A Notification requirements: direct enforcement authorities (1)

This section applies to a direct enforcement authority that is not the CMA.

 (2)

Before taking one or more of the steps specified in subsection (3), the direct enforcement authority must by notice inform the CMA of its intention to do so.

 (3)

The steps referred to in subsection (2) are—

 (a)

publishing a notice under section 180(3) or (4);

 (b)

giving a provisional infringement notice, a provisional breach of undertakings enforcement notice, a provisional breach of directions enforcement notice or a provisional false information enforcement notice;

 (c)

giving a final infringement notice, a final breach of undertakings enforcement notice, a final breach of directions enforcement notice or a final false information enforcement notice;

 (d)

giving an online interface notice;

 (e)

accepting an undertaking under section 185;

 (f)

giving a notice under section 187(3) or (4);

 (g)

making an application to court under section 194;

 (h)

giving a notice under section 196(3) or (4).

 (4)

Where the direct enforcement authority takes a step specified in subsection (3)(a), (b), (c), (d), (f) or (h), the direct enforcement authority must by notice inform the CMA that it has done so, and provide the CMA with a copy of the notice.

 (5)

Where the direct enforcement authority accepts an undertaking under section 185, the direct enforcement authority must by notice inform the CMA of—

 (a)

the terms of the undertaking, and

 (b)

the identity of the person who gave it.

 (6)

Where the direct enforcement authority makes an application under section 194, the direct enforcement authority must by notice inform the CMA—

 (a)

that it has made the application, and

 (b)

of any order made by the court on the application.

 (7)

Where the direct enforcement authority receives notice of an appeal under section 202, the direct enforcement authority must by notice inform the CMA—

 (a)

that it has received the notice of appeal, and

 (b)

of any order made by the court on the appeal.
198B Notification requirements: CMA (1)

This section applies to the CMA where—

 (a)

it is investigating a commercial practice that meets the specified prohibition condition, and

 (b)

another direct enforcement authority (“the relevant direct enforcement authority”) is also capable of exercising its direct enforcement functions in respect of that commercial practice.

 (2)

Before taking one or more of the steps specified in subsection (3), the CMA must by notice inform the relevant direct enforcement authority of its intention to do so.

 (3)

The steps referred to in subsection (2) are—

 (a)

publishing a notice under section 180(3) or (4);

 (b)

giving a provisional infringement notice, a provisional breach of undertakings enforcement notice, a provisional breach of directions enforcement notice or a provisional false information enforcement notice;

 (c)

giving a final infringement notice, a final breach of undertakings enforcement notice, a final breach of directions enforcement notice or a final false information enforcement notice;

 (d)

giving an online interface notice;

 (e)

accepting an undertaking under section 185;

 (f)

giving a notice under section 187(3) or (4);

 (g)

making an application to court under section 194;

 (h)

giving a notice under section 196(3) or (4).

 (4)

Where the CMA takes a step specified in subsection (3)(a), (b), (c), (d), (f) or (h), the CMA must by notice inform the relevant direct enforcement authority that it has done so, and provide that authority with a copy of the notice.

 (5)

Where the CMA accepts an undertaking under section 185, the CMA must by notice inform the relevant direct enforcement authority of—

 (a)

the terms of the undertaking, and

 (b)

the identity of the person who gave it.

 (6)

Where the CMA makes an application under section 194, the CMA must by notice inform the relevant direct enforcement authority—

 (a)

that it has made the application, and

 (b)

of any order made by the court on the application.

 (7)

Where the CMA receives notice of an appeal under section 202, the CMA must by notice inform the relevant direct enforcement authority—

 (a)

that it has received the notice of appeal, and

 (b)

of any order made by the court on the appeal.

27

In section 199 (statement of policy in relation to monetary penalties)—

 (a)

in subsection (4)—

 (i)

omit “and” at the end of paragraph (a);

 (ii)

after paragraph (a) insert— (aa)

other direct enforcement authorities, and

 ;

 (b)

in subsection (6), for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (c)

in subsection (7) , for The CMA substitute The direct enforcement authority.

 28

In section 200 (interconnected bodies corporate)—

 (a)

in subsection (1)(a), for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in subsection (4), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority.

 29

In section 201 (record-keeping and reporting requirements)—

 (a)

in subsection (1), for The CMA substitute Each direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

for subsection (2) substitute— (2)

If requested to do so by the Secretary of State, a direct enforcement authority must prepare a report on—

(a)

the effectiveness of undertakings it has accepted and enforcement directions it has given, and

 (b)

the number and outcome of appeals brought under section 202 in relation to notices it has given.

 ;

 (c)

in subsection (3)—

 (i)

in the opening words, for The CMA substitute A direct enforcement authority;

 (ii)

in paragraph (a), after prepared insert by it;

 (iii)

in paragraph (b), for the CMA substitute it.

 30

In section 202(5) (appeals), for the CMA substitute the direct enforcement authority which gave the relevant notice.

 31

In section 203 (information to accompany orders or notices imposing monetary penalties)—

 (a)

in subsection (1)(b), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in subsection (4), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority.

 32

In section 204(4) (determination of turnover), for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority.

 33

In section 206 (recovery of monetary penalties)—

 (a)

in subsection (1), after imposed insert by a direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in subsections (2), (3) and (5), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority.

 34

In section 207(5) (monetary penalties: further provision)—

 (a)

for the CMA, in the first place it occurs, substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

for the CMA, in the second place it occurs, substitute the direct enforcement authority.

 35

In section 209 (powers to amend)—

 (a)

in subsection (1), after paragraph (e) insert— (f)

Schedule 16A so as to add, remove or vary an entry for an enactment.

 ;

(b)

in subsection (2), for or (e) substitute , (e) or (f);

 (c)

in the heading, for Schedule 15 and Schedule 16 substitute Schedules 15, 16 and 16A.

 36

In section 210 (rules)—

 (a)

in subsection (1), for its direct enforcement functions substitute direct enforcement functions by direct enforcement authorities;

 (b)

in subsection (3), for CMA in each place it occurs, substitute direct enforcement authority.

 37

For section 211(1) (procedural requirements for making of rules) substitute— (1)

In preparing rules the CMA must consult—

(a)

other direct enforcement authorities, and

 (b)

such other persons as the CMA considers appropriate.

38

In section 212 (guidance)—

 (a)

in subsection (1), for The CMA substitute Each direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in subsections (2) and (3), for CMA, in each place it occurs, substitute direct enforcement authority;

 (c)

in subsection (4)—

 (i)

for “The CMA” substitute Each direct enforcement authority;

 (ii)

in paragraph (a), for the guidance substitute its guidance under this section;

 (iii)

in paragraph (b), for the substitute its;

 (d)

in subsection (5)—

 (i)

for “the first guidance under this section the CMA” substitute “its first guidance under this section a direct enforcement authority”;

 (ii)

in paragraph (b), for the CMA substitute the direct enforcement authority;

 (e)

in subsection (6)—

 (i)

for “The CMA” substitute Each direct enforcement authority;

 (ii)

in paragraph (a), for the first substitute its first;

 (iii)

in paragraph (b), after published insert by it.

 39

In section 213 (defamation), for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority.

 40

In section 223 (index of defined expressions), at the appropriate place insert—

Direct enforcement authority

Section 179A(1)

41

After Schedule 16 insert— Schedule 16A

Section 150

Air passenger rights enactments

Enactment

Extent

1. Acts of Parliament

Consumer Rights Act 2015

Chapter 4 of Part 1

Part 2

Part 3 of Schedule 5

Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024

Chapters 1 and 4 of Part 4

2. Secondary legislation and assimilated direct legislation

Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) Regulations 2002

All regulations

Consumer Rights (Payment Surcharges) Regulations 2012

All regulations

Consumer Contracts (Information, Cancellation and Additional Charges) Regulations 2013

All regulations

Package Travel and Linked Travel Arrangements Regulations 2018

All regulations

Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004 establishing common rules on compensation and assistance to air passengers in the event of denied boarding and of cancellation or long delay of flights

The whole Regulation

Regulation (EC) No 2111/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2005 on the establishment of a list of air carriers subject to an operating ban within the United Kingdom and on informing air transport passengers of the identity of the operating air carrier

The whole Regulation

Regulation (EC) No 1107/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2006 concerning the rights of disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility when travelling by air

The whole Regulation

Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 September 2008 on common rules for the operation of air services in the United Kingdom

Article 23

3. Other subordinate legislation

Regulations made under section 1 of the Civil Aviation (Consumer Protection and Regulatory Reform) Act 2026

All regulations made under that section

Any other subordinate legislation (not otherwise listed in this Schedule) so far as made under an enactment so listed

The entirety of the legislation

Consumer Rights Act 2015 42

Schedule 5 to the Consumer Rights Act 2015 (investigatory powers etc) is amended as follows.

 43

In paragraph 8, at the appropriate place insert—

direct enforcement authority means—

(a)

the Competition and Markets Authority;

 (b)

the Civil Aviation Authority.

44

In paragraph 13—

 (a)

after sub-paragraph (2) insert— (2A)

A relevant direct enforcement authority may, in connection with the carrying out of its functions under Chapter 3 or 4 of Part 3 of the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024, exercise the powers in this Part of this Schedule for any of the following purposes—

(a)

to enable the authority to exercise or to consider whether to exercise any function it has under Chapter 3 or 4 of that Part;

 (b)

to ascertain whether a person has complied with or is complying with an undertaking given under Chapter 3 or 4 of that Part;

 (c)

to ascertain whether a person has complied with or is complying with a relevant notice or with directions in a final enforcement notice.

 ;

 (b)

after sub-paragraph (3) insert— (3A)

Sub-paragraph (3) does not apply if—

(a)

the enforcer is a relevant direct enforcement authority, and

 (b)

the power is exercised for a purpose within sub-paragraph (2A).

 ;

 (c)

in sub-paragraph (10), at the end insert—

relevant direct enforcement authority means a direct enforcement authority other than the Competition and Markets Authority.

45

In the italic heading before paragraph 16B, for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority.

46

In paragraph 16B—

 (a)

in sub-paragraph (1)—

 (i)

in paragraph (a) for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (ii)

in paragraph (b) for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in sub-paragraphs (2), (3) and (5), for CMA in each place it occurs, substitute direct enforcement authority.

 47

In the italic heading before paragraph 16C, for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority.

 48

In paragraph 16C—

 (a)

in sub-paragraph (1)—

 (i)

in paragraph (a), for “the CMA” substitute “a direct enforcement authority”;

 (ii)

in paragraphs (b) and (c), for “CMA” substitute “direct enforcement authority”;

 (b)

in sub-paragraphs (2), (3) and (6) to (10), for CMA, in each place it occurs, substitute direct enforcement authority;

 (c)

in sub-paragraph (9) after published insert by it.

 49

In paragraph 16E—

 (a)

in sub-paragraph (1), after “given” insert “by a direct enforcement authority”;

 (b)

in sub-paragraphs (2) and (3), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority.

 50

In paragraph 16F—

 (a)

in sub-paragraph (1), for its power substitute powers of direct enforcement authorities;

 (b)

in sub-paragraph (4)—

 (i)

omit “and” at the end of paragraph (a);

 (ii)

after paragraph (a) insert— (aa)

other direct enforcement authorities, and

 .

 51

In paragraph 16H(4) for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority.

 52

In paragraph 16J—

 (a)

in sub-paragraph (1)—

 (i)

for The CMA substitute A direct enforcement authority;

 (ii)

for the CMA substitute a direct enforcement authority;

 (b)

in sub-paragraph (2)—

 (i)

in the opening words before paragraph (a), for The CMA substitute A direct enforcement authority;

 (ii)

in paragraph (a), for CMA substitute direct enforcement authority.

 53

In paragraph 18(a), for “13(2) or (3)” substitute “13(2), (2A) or (3)”.

 Schedule 2

Section 9

 Air traffic services licences Modification of licence conditions 1

Part 1 of the Transport Act 2000 (air traffic) is amended as follows.

 2

In section 19A(2) (appeals to Competition and Markets Authority)—

 (a)

omit “or” at the end of paragraph (b);

 (b)

after paragraph (c) insert— (d)

a person specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b) whose interests are materially affected by the decision, or

 (e)

a person identified, or of a description identified, under section 11A(7)(da) whose interests are materially affected by the decision.

3

In section 19D(7) (determination of appeals: time limits), after paragraph (e) insert— (ea)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b) that the CMA considers appropriate;

 (eb)

any persons identified, or of a description identified, under section 11A(7)(da) that the CMA considers appropriate;

 (ec)

any other persons that the CMA considers appropriate;

 .

 4

In section 19E(4) (determination of appeals: publication), after paragraph (e) insert— (ea)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b) that the CMA considers appropriate;

 (eb)

any persons identified, or of a description identified, under section 11A(7)(da) that the CMA considers appropriate;

 (ec)

any other persons that the CMA considers appropriate;

 .

 Appeals procedure 5

Schedule A1 to the Transport Act 2000 (appeals under section 19A) is amended as follows.

 6

In paragraph 1(5), after paragraph (d) insert— (e)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b), that the CAA considers appropriate;

 (f)

any persons identified, or of a description identified, under section 11A(7)(da) that the CAA considers appropriate;

 (g)

any other persons that the CAA considers appropriate.

7

In paragraph 2(8), after paragraph (e) insert— (ea)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b), that the authorised member considers appropriate;

 (eb)

any persons identified, or of a description identified, under section 11A(7)(da) that the authorised member considers appropriate;

 (ec)

any other persons that the authorised member considers appropriate;

 .

 8

In paragraph 3(3), after paragraph (e) insert— (f)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b) that the CAA considers appropriate;

 (g)

any persons identified, or of a description identified, under section 11A(7)(da) that the CAA considers appropriate;

 (h)

any other persons that the CAA considers appropriate.

9

In paragraph 4(5), after paragraph (d) insert— (e)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b) that the CAA considers appropriate;

 (f)

any persons identified, or of a description identified, under section 11A(7)(da) that the CAA considers appropriate;

 (g)

any other persons that the CAA considers appropriate.

10

In paragraph 5(5), after paragraph (e) insert— (ea)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b), that the authorised member considers appropriate;

 (eb)

any persons identified, or of a description identified, under section 11A(7)(da) that the authorised member considers appropriate;

 (ec)

any other persons that the authorised member considers appropriate;

 .

 11

In paragraph 6(5), after paragraph (d) insert— (e)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b) that the CAA considers appropriate;

 (f)

any persons identified, or of a description identified, under section 11A(7)(da) that the CAA considers appropriate;

 (g)

any other persons that the CAA considers appropriate.

12

In paragraph 9(4), after paragraph (e) insert— (ea)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b), that the authorised member considers appropriate;

 (eb)

any persons identified, or of a description identified, under section 11A(7)(da) that the authorised member considers appropriate;

 (ec)

any other persons that the authorised member considers appropriate;

 .

 13

In paragraph 10(4), after paragraph (e) insert— (f)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b) that the CAA considers appropriate;

 (g)

any persons identified, or of a description identified, under section 11A(7)(da) that the CAA considers appropriate;

 (h)

any other persons that the CAA considers appropriate.

14

In paragraph 12(2), after paragraph (e) insert— (f)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b) that the CAA considers appropriate;

 (g)

any persons identified, or of a description identified, under section 11A(7)(da) that the CAA considers appropriate;

 (h)

any other persons that the CAA considers appropriate.

15

In paragraph 22(11), after paragraph (d) insert— (e)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b) that the CAA considers appropriate;

 (f)

any persons identified, or of a description identified, under section 11A(7)(da) that the CAA considers appropriate;

 (g)

any other persons that the CAA considers appropriate.

Enforcement of licence holder’s duties 16

Schedule B1 to the Transport Act 2000 (enforcement of duties under section 8 and licence conditions) is amended as follows.

 17

In paragraph 1(9)(b), after sub-paragraph (ii) insert— (iia)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b), or any bodies representing them, that the CAA considers appropriate;

 .

 18

In paragraph 3(5)(b), after sub-paragraph (ii) insert— (iia)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b), or any bodies representing them, that the CAA considers appropriate;

 .

 19

In paragraph 4(5), after paragraph (c) insert— (ca)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b), or any bodies representing them, that the CAA considers appropriate;

 .

 20

In paragraph 5—

 (a)

in sub-paragraph (2)(b)—

 (i)

at the end of sub-paragraph (i) omit or;

 (ii)

at the end of sub-paragraph (ii) for and substitute or;

(iii)

after sub-paragraph (ii) insert— (iii)

for any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b), and

 ;

 (b)

in sub-paragraph (5)(b), after sub-paragraph (ii) insert— (iia)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b), or any bodies representing them, that the CAA considers appropriate;

 .

 21

In paragraph 6(8), after paragraph (c) insert— (ca)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b), or any bodies representing them, that the CAA considers appropriate;

 .

 22

In paragraph 7(5), after paragraph (c) insert— (ca)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b), or any bodies representing them, that the CAA considers appropriate;

 .

 23

In paragraph 11(3), after paragraph (b) insert— (ba)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b), or any bodies representing them, that the CAA considers appropriate;

 .

 24

In paragraph 12(3), after paragraph (b) insert— (ba)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b), or any bodies representing them, that the CAA considers appropriate;

 .

 Providing information: penalty procedure 25

Schedule C1 to the Transport Act 2000 (information) is amended as follows.

 26

In paragraph 5(4), after paragraph (b) insert— (ba)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b), or any bodies representing them, that the CAA considers appropriate;

 (bb)

any other persons that the CAA considers appropriate;

 .

 27

in paragraph 6(4), after paragraph (b) insert— (ba)

any persons specified, or of a description specified, under section 73(1)(b), or any bodies representing them, that the CAA considers appropriate;

 (bb)

any other persons that the CAA considers appropriate;

 .

 []

Ordered to be Printed, 13th July 2026.

© Parliamentary copyright House of Lords

This publication may be reproduced under the terms of the Open Parliament Licence, which is published at www.parliament.uk/site-information/copyright

Published by the authority of the House of Lords